Online Prometric Crash Program

Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level.The counterpart to gross anatomy is the field of histology, which studies microscopic anatomy.Gross anatomy of the human body or other animals seeks to understand the relationship between components of an organism in order to gain a greater appreciation of the roles of those components and their relationships in maintaining the functions of life. The study of gross anatomy can be performed on deceased organisms using dissection or on living organisms using medical imaging. Education in the gross anatomy of humans is included training of most health professionals.

Histology is the study of the micro anatomy of cells, tissues, and organs as seen through a microscope. It examines the correlation between structure and function. Histology Guide teaches the visual art of recognizing the structure of cells and tissues and understanding how this is determined by their function.

Neuroscience (or neuro biology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It combines physiology, anatomy, molecular biology, developmental biology, cytology, mathematical modeling, and psychology to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of neurons and neural circuits.

Biochemistry is both life science and a chemical science - it explores the chemistry of living organisms and the molecular basis for the changes occurring in living cells. It uses the methods of chemistry, "Biochemistry has become the foundation for understanding all biological processes.

Medical physiology is concerned with how a state of health and wellness is maintained in a person and, therefore, it takes a global view of how the body systems function and how they are controlled. There are 10 body systems, each with unique contributions to body function. However, it is the integration of the body systems that allows the creation of a stable internal environment in which cells are able to function

General biology is a classical and modern approaches to the study of microorganisms and their roles/applications in everyday life, medicine, research, and the environment. Microbial cell structure, function, growth, genetics, metabolism, evolution, and ecology. Study of disease, infection, and immunology. Introduction to virology.

General Immunology provides a general overview of the immune system. It presents topics in immunology from all living groups, treating cells, tissues, organs, and organism levels of biological organization

The general pharmacology is involves the aspects of sources of drugs, route of administration of drugs, absorption of drugs and factors affecting them, distribution, bio-transformation and excretion.

General pathology involves all aspects of pathology. It deals with the diagnosis and management of disease by use of every component of laboratory medicine and every diagnostic technique, including examination of the patient.

The eye is our organ of sight. The eye has a number of components which include but are not limited to the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, macula, optic nerve, choroid and vitreous. Cornea: clear front window of the eye that transmits and focuses light into the eye.

The visual pathway begins with the retina. The outermost layer of the retina is composed of the photo receptors, dendritic processes of the rod and cone neurons. Photo receptors are distributed throughout the retina, but a greater density of receptors is located in the area centralis, which is important for acute vision

This chapter discusses ocular physiology, including tear production and lacrimal drainage, aqueous production and drainage, cornea and sclera, lens, vitreous, retinal physiology, photo transduction, retinal pigment epithelium, uveal tract, blood-ocular barrier, accommodation, the pupil, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, light detection and dark adaptation, colour vision, electrophysiology of the visual system, visual fields, eye movements and stereopsis, visual perception, and visual pathways

Ophthalmic diseases include both those analogous to systemic diseases (eg, inflammation, infection, neuronal degeneration) and not analogous (eg, cataract, myopia). Many anterior segment diseases are treated pharmacologically through eye drops, which have an implied therapeutic index of local therapy. Unlike oral dosage forms administered for systemic diseases, eye drops require patients not only to adhere to treatment, but to be able to accurately perform-ie, instill drops correctly

An eye examination is a series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist (medical doctor), optometrist, or orthoptist, assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern objects, as well as other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes.

The crystalline lens is the name given to the natural lens that humans are born with. Small muscles attached to the lens can make the lens change shape, which allows the eyes to focus on near or far objects.

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60

The retina is a thin layer of tissue that lines the back of the eye on the inside. It is located near the optic nerve. The purpose of the retina is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals on to the brain for visual recognition.

The conjunctiva is a tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera (the white of the eye). It is composed of unkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells, and stratified columnar epithelium.

The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.

The sclera is the opaque white wall of the eye that encloses the posterior four-fifths of the eye ball. The vitreous body (vitreous meaning "glass-like") is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eyeball of humans and other vertebrates. It is often referred to as the vitreous humor or simply "the vitreous".

The uveal tract is a layer of tissue located between the outer layer (cornea and sclera) and the inner layer (the retina) of the eye. The front portion (anterior) of the uveal tract contains the iris, and the back portion (posterior) of the uveal tract contains the choroid and the stroma of the ciliary body.

The optic pathway includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic radiations, and occipital cortex (see figure Higher visual pathways). Damage along the optic pathway causes a variety of visual field defects.

Tumors in the eye usually are secondary tumors caused by cancers that have spread from other parts of the body, especially the breast, lung, bowel or prostate. Two types of primary tumors arise within the eye itself and are known as retinoblastoma in children and melanoma in adults.

Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances.

In physics, physical optics, or wave optics, is the branch of optics that studies interference, diffraction, polarization, and other phenomena for which the ray approximation of geometric optics is not valid.

Ophthalmic optics is the science of visual perception and the physiology of the eye. It refers to the area within optics that describes the human eye and the measurement and correction of visual defects with any type of visual aid – from glasses and contact lenses to magnifying visual aids.

Visual Optics deals with the concept of eye as an optical instrument and thereby covers various optical components of eye, types of refractive errors, clinical approach in diagnosis and management of various types of refractive errors

Visual perception is the ability to perceive our surroundings through the light that enters our eyes. The visual perception of colors, patterns, and structures has been of particular interest in relation to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) because these are perceived exclusively through vision.

The term ocular motility refers to the study of the twelve extra ocular muscles and their impact on eye movement. Each eye has six muscles, four rectus and two oblique, which, when functioning properly, allow the eyes to work together in a wide range of gaze. Muscles of the Right Eye.

Psycho physical methods are psychological investigative techniques that study the relations of stimuli to the sensations and perceptions that they produce.

Human development is defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being.

Pathological conditions of the lens include cataracts, displacement of the lens, and aphakia. Cataracts, in which age-related degenerative processes lead to clouding of the lens, are the most common disease of the lens

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60

Corneal disease is a serious condition that can cause clouding, distortion, scarring and eventually blindness. The term corneal disease refers to many conditions that affect this part of your eye. These include infections, tissue breakdown, and other disorders you get from your parents.

Often referred to casually as “pink eye”, conjunctivitis is the swelling or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye

The uvea is the middle layer of the eye and consists of three parts: iris, ciliary body, and choroid (see also eye and orbit). There are four types of uveitis: anterior, posterior, complete (panuveitis), and intermediate, the latter being the least common. Uveitis is significant because of its association with systemic inflammatory conditions such as sarcoidosis, seronegative spondyloarthropathies, and vasculitides. However, infectious causes such as brucellosis, leptospirosis, and Lyme disease are also possible. Anterior uveitis manifests with periocular pain, ocular hyperemia (“red eye”), and photophobia. Posterior uveitis manifests with painless visual disturbances such as floaters and decreased visual acuity.

Diseases of the orbital cavity include Graves ophthalmopathy, orbital cellulitis, rhabdomyosarcoma, and lacrimal sac disorders. Typical symptoms associated with these diseases include exophthalmos and diplopia.

'Ocular' refers to eyes and 'adnexa' is a Latin term meaning 'fasten to' and in this case refers to accessory structures attached to the eye itself. The ocular adnexa include the: Orbits. Extraocular muscles. Eyelids.A number of conditions cause redness of the ocular adnexa, although they may not actually cause the eye itself to become red.

Common retinal diseases and conditions include: Retinal tear. Retinal detachment. Diabetic retinopathy. Epiretinal membrane. Macular hole. Macular degeneration. Retinitis pigmentosa.

Evaluation of the retina can provide information regarding the presence and severity of many systemic diseases. Although many retinal findings are nonspecific, early recognition of these signs can help prevent ophthalmologic complications and vision loss.

Symptoms of Optic Nerve Damage 1. Decline in the field of vision. 2. Distorted vision. 3. Inflammation in the eye. 4. Temporary or permanent vision loss. 5. Unusual symptoms include numbness or weakness of the limbs, which may be a result of a neurological disorder.

Your eyelids protect your eyes. They keep out foreign objects such as dust and sand. The act of blinking also keeps your eyes moist. Occasional fluttering of one eyelid is normal. Eyelid disorders can cause eyelid: drooping twitching inflammation paralysis growths

NLD obstruction can cause stasis of tears in the lacrimal sac, which predisposes to secondary bacterial infection of the sac, known as dacryocystitis. The diagnosis is usually clinical, and may be supported by bacterial cultures, imaging (CT, x-ray), and probing of the nasolacrimal duct.

Neuro-ophthalmology focuses on conditions caused by brain or systemic abnormalities that result in visual disturbances, among other symptoms.

Tumors in the eye usually are secondary tumors caused by cancers that have spread from other parts of the body, especially the breast, lung, bowel or prostate. Two types of primary tumors arise within the eye itself and are known as retinoblastoma in children and melanoma in adults.

Nystagmus is a condition in which there are rapid involuntary movements of the eyes in any direction. Blurred vision may result. Strabismus is sometimes called “crossed eyes.” This condition is the lack of coordination between the eyes, with one or both eyes turning in, out, up or down.

Eye trauma refers to damage caused by a direct blow to the eye. The trauma may affect not only the eye, but the surrounding area, including adjacent tissue

Community ophthalmology was described as a new discipline in medicine promoting eye health and blindness prevention through programs utilizing methodologies of public health, community medicine and ophthalmology